Modeling of failure mode in knee ligaments depending on the strain rate

Table 1 The studies of the strain rate effect on the failure mode of the knee.

Year	Author	Specimen	Strain rate	No. of knees	Ligament tearing	Avulsion & Tearing	Avulsion
1968	Viidik et al	White rabbits Femur-ACL-Tibia Rotated medially 90° Control	Not specified	21	2	4	15
		40 weeks training		23	2	2	19
1974 a	Noyes et al	Rhesus monkeys Femur-ACL-Tibia 45° flexion	Slow 0.62 %/sec	28	8	4	16
			Fast 67 %/sec	32	21	2	9
1974 b	Noyes et al	Rhesus monkeys Femur-ACL-Tibia 45° flexion Control	66.2 %/sec	30	18	3	9
		8 weeks immobilized	66.2 %/sec	18	8	3	7
		Exercise	66.2 %/sec	22	10	4	8
		Recondition	66.2 %/sec	22	14	2	6
1974	Alm, et al	Beagle dogs Femur-ACL-Tibia 90° deflect	Deformation rate 15 mm/sec	80	75	5	0
1976	Crownishiel, et al	Rat Femur-MCL-Tibia	8.45^*10^-2%/sec	14	0	1	13
			84.5 %/sec	12	4	2	6
			19000 %/sec	16	8	4	4
			51000 %/sec	7	4	2	1
1976	Kennedy, et al	Human knee Femur-ACL-Tibia 20–75 years	Slow 40 %/sec	20	20	0	0
			Fast 140 %/sec
1976	Noyes, et al	Human cadaver knee Older (48–86 years) Femur-ACL-Tibia	100 %/sec	20	3	0	17
		Human cadaver knee Younger (16–26 years)	100 %/sec	6	6	0	0
		Rhesus monkeys (15 years)	66 %/sec	25	25	0	0
1990	Woo et al	Immature rabbit Femur-MCL-Tibia	0.011%/sec	18	0	0	18
			0.15 %/sec
			1.59 %/sec
			12 %/sec
			155 %/sec
		Mature rabbit Femur-MCL-Tibia	0.011%/sec	18	12	6	0
			0.15 %/sec
			1.66 %/sec
			18.6 %/sec
			222 %/sec
1999	Schenck et al	Human cadaver knee Femur-PCL-Tibia 45° hyper-extension Aver. 61 years	Slow 100 %/sec	9	8	0	1
			Fast 5400 %/sec	9	0	0	9
		Femur-ACL-Tibia Aver. 61 years	Slow 100 %/sec	9	5	4	0
			Fast 5400 %/sec	9	4	2	3

ISSN: 1471-2474